Which sterilization method is considered the most reliable?

The sterilization method recognized as the most reliable is steam under pressure, commonly referred to as autoclaving. This method utilizes high-temperature steam at a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch (psi) or greater, reaching temperatures of at least 121 degrees Celsius (250 degrees Fahrenheit). The effectiveness of steam under pressure lies in its ability to kill all forms of microbial life, including spores, due to the combination of heat, steam, and pressure. This environment ensures that the sterilization process penetrates even complex instruments effectively.

Autoclaving is also validated routinely through biological indicators, which involve using spore tests that confirm the efficacy of the sterilization cycle. The method is time-efficient and is widely accepted in healthcare settings as a gold standard for sterilization. Its reliability is further supported by extensive research and clinical practice, making it a preferred method in dental settings where sterility is crucial for patient safety.

In contrast, the other sterilization methods have limitations. Chemical sterilization relies on chemical agents and may not achieve the same level of penetration and assurance as steam, depending on the instrument configuration. Radiation sterilization, while effective, is typically reserved for materials sensitive to heat and may not be readily available in all dental facilities. Dry heat sterilization